La dimensión celuar
citoesqueleto y biomécanica
Biomoléculas con propiedades mecánicas.

Introducción: Las fuerzas mecánicas en las estructuras vivas.


Las fuerzas mécanicas actúan sobre 

verbos irregulares

Traducción

abide

abided/abode

abided/abode

aguantar

arise

arose

arisen

surgir

awake

awoke/awaked

awoken/awaked

despertar

be

was, were

been

ser, estar

bear

bore

borne

llevar, aguantar

beat

beat

beaten

batir, golpear

become

became

become

hacerse, ponerse

beget

begot/begat

begotten

engendrar

begin

began

begun

comenzar

bend

bent

bent

torcer

beseech

besought/beseeched

besought/beseeched

suplicar

bet

bet/betted

bet/betted

apostar

bid

bade/bid

bidden/bid

ofrecer

bind

bound

bound

atar, amarrar

bite

bit

bitten

morder, picar

bleed

bled

bled

sangrar

blow

blew

blown

soplar

break

broke

broken

romper

breed

bred

bred

criar

bring

brought

brought

traer, llevar

build

built

built

construir

burn

burned/burnt (Brit)

burned/burnt (Brit)

quemar

burst

burst

burst

reventar(se), romper(se)

buy

bought

bought

comprar

can

could

-

poder

cast

cast

cast

echar, lanzar

catch

caught

caught

coger, agarrar

chide

chided/chid

chided/chidden

reprender

choose

chose

chosen

elegir, escoger

cleave (fendre)

cleft/clove

cleft/cloven

partir, hender

cleave (s’attacher)

cleaved

cleaved

adherirse, aferrarse

cling

clung

clung

pegarse, agarrarse

come

came

come

venir, llegar

cost

cost/costed

cost/costed

costar, valer

creep

crept

crept

arrastrarse

cut

cut

cut

cortar

dare

dared/durst (arch.)

dared

atreverse

deal

dealt

dealt

tramitar, operar

dig

dug

dug

cavar, excavar

dive

dived/dove (US)

dived

tirarse, sumergirse

do

did

done

hacer

draw

drew

drawn

tirar, sacar

dream

dreamed/dreamt

dreamed/dreamt

soñar

drink

drank

drunk

beber, tomar

drive

drove

driven

conducir, manejar

dwell

dwelt/dwelled

dwelt/dwelled

morar, vivir

eat

ate

eaten

comer

fall

fell

fallen

caer(se)

feed

fed

fed

avivar, alimentar

feel

felt

felt

sentir

fight

fought

fought

luchar, pelear

find

found

found

encontrar

flee

fled

fled

huir

fling

flung

flung

lanzar, arrojar

fly

flew

flown

volar

forbid

forbad(e)

forbidden

prohibir

forget

forgot

forgotten

olvidar

forsake

forsook

forsaken

abandonar

freeze

froze

frozen

helar

get

got

got/gotten (US)

conseguir

gild

gilded

gilded/gilt

dorar

gird

girded/girt

girded/girt

ceñir de, rodear de

give

gave

given

dar

go

went

gone

ir(se)

grind

ground

ground

moler, picar

grow

grew

grown

crecer

hang

hung/hanged (Jur)

hung/hanged (Jur)

colgar

have

had

had

tener

hear

heard

heard

oír

heave

heaved/hove (Naut)

heaved/hove (Naut)

tirar, empujar

hew

hewed

hewn/hewed (US)

cortar, tallar

hide

hid

hidden/hid

esconder(se)

hit

hit

hit

pegar, golpear

hold

held

held

tener, abrazar

hurt

hurt

hurt

lastimar, perjudicar

keep

kept

kept

guardar

kneel

knelt/kneeled

knelt/kneeled

arrodillarse

know

knew

known

saber

lade

laded

laden

cargar de

lay

laid

laid

poner, colocar

lead

led

led

llevar, guiar

lean

leaned/leant

leaned/leant

apoyarse

leap

leaped/leapt

leaped/leapt

saltar

learn

learned/learnt

learned/learnt

aprender

leave

left

left

dejar, partir

lend

lent

lent

prestar

let

let

let

dejar

lie (s’allonger)

lay

lain

tenderse, acostarse

lie (mentir)

lied

lied

mentir

light

lit/lighted

lit/lighted

encender, iluminar

lose

lost

lost

perder

make

made

made

hacer

may

might

-

poder

mean

meant

meant

significar

meet

met

met

encontrar(se), conocer

mow

mowed

mowed/mown

segar, cortar

pay

paid

paid

pagar

put

put

put

poner, meter

quit

quit/quitted

quit/quitted

renunciar, abandonar

read

read

read

leer

rend

rent

rent

rasgar, desgarrar

rid

rid/ridded

rid/ridded

deshacerse de

ride

rode

ridden

montar en, ir en

ring

rang

rung

llamar, sonar

rise

rose

risen

levantarse, elevarse

run

ran

run

correr

saw

sawed

sawed/sawn

serrar

say

said

said

decir

see

saw

seen

ver

seek

sought

sought

buscar

sell

sold

sold

vender

send

sent

sent

enviar

set

set

set

poner

sew

sewed

sewed/sewn

coser

shake

shook

shaken

sacudir, mover

shave

shaved

shaved/shaven

afeitar(se), rasurar(se)

shear

sheared

sheared/shorn

esquilar

shed

shed

shed

derramar

shine (briller)

shone

shone

brillar

shine (faire briller)

shone/shined

shone/shined

sacar brillo a

shoe

shod/shoed

shod/shoed

herrar

shoot

shot

shot

pegar un tiro a

show

showed

shown/showed

mostrar

shrink

shrank

shrunk

encoger(se)

shut

shut

shut

cerrar

sing

sang

sung

cantar

sink

sank

sunk

hundir

sit

sat

sat

sentarse

slay

slew

slain

matar

sleep

slept

slept

dormir

slide

slid

slid

deslizarse

sling

slung

slung

lanzar

slink

slunk

slunk

zafarse

slit

slit/slitted

slit/slitted

cortar, abrir

smell

smelled/smelt

smelled/smelt

oler

smite

smote

smitten

golpear

sow

sowed

sowed/sown

sembrar

speak

spoke

spoken

hablar

speed

sped/speeded

sped/speeded

correr a toda prisa

spell

spelt/spelled

spelt/spelled

deletrear

spend

spent

spent

gastar

spill

spilt/spilled

spilt/spilled

derramar

spin

spun/span

spun

hacer girar

spit (cracher)

spat

spat

escupir

spit (embrocher)

spitted

spitted

ensartar

split

split

split

dividir

spoil

spoiled/spoilt

spoiled/spoilt

arruinar

spread

spread

spread

tender, desplegar

spring

sprang

sprung

saltar

stand

stood

stood

estar de pie

stave

stove/staved

stove/staved

evitar, aplazar

steal

stole

stolen

robar

stick

stuck

stuck

pegar

sting

stung

stung

picar

stink

stank

stunk

apestar

strew

strewed

strewed/strewn

esparcir

stride

strode

stridden

andar a pasos largos

strike

struck

struck/stricken (rare)

golpear, pegar

string

strung

strung

ensartar, encordar

strive

strove

striven

esforzarse

swear

swore

sworn

jurar

sweep

swept

swept

barrer

swell

swelled

swollen/swelled

hincharse

swim

swam

swum

nadar

swing

swung

swung

balancearse, oscilar

take

took

taken

tomar

teach

taught

taught

enseñar

tear

tore

torn

romper

tell

told

told

decir

think

thought

thought

pensar

thrive

throve/thrived

thriven/thrived

prosperar

throw

threw

thrown

echar

thrust

thrust

thrust

empujar, clavar

tread

trod

trodden

pisar

wake

woke/waked

woken/waked

despertar(se)

wear

wore

worn

llevar

weave

wove/weaved

woven/weaved

tejer

weep

wept

wept

llorar

win

won

won

ganar

wind

winded/wound

winded/wound

dejar sin aliento, ovillar

wring

wrung

wrung

torcer

write

wrote

written

escribir

verbos regulares / verbos irregulares

Cada verbo inglés o es regular o es irregular La mayoría son regulares y necesitan cuatro formas para conjugarse:

• Infinitivo y presente: play, apply, climb 
  
  We play piano
  I apply for a job
• Presente a la 3a persona (con “-s” o transformación de “-y” en “-ies”): plays, applies, climbs
  He plays piano
  My sister likes him
• Pretérito (con “-ed” o transformación de “-y” en “-ied”): played, applied, climbed
  We played piano
  I climbed the mountain
• Participio presente / gerundio (con ”-ing”) :playing, applying, climbing
  We are playing piano
  He is applying for a job

Los verbos irregulares tienen formas más específicas para el pretérito y el participio de pasado. Al lado una lista de los verbos irregulares.